{"id":16028,"date":"2022-06-28T23:11:29","date_gmt":"2022-06-28T21:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/?p=16028"},"modified":"2023-01-02T18:28:11","modified_gmt":"2023-01-02T17:28:11","slug":"how-to-become-fluent-in-chinese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/how-to-become-fluent-in-chinese\/","title":{"rendered":"How to become fluent in Chinese"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-16032\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/fluent-stream-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/fluent-stream-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/fluent-stream-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/fluent-stream-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/fluent-stream.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>The f word is a sensitive one in language learning contexts, and can mean almost anything depending on who\u2019s using it. Today, we\u2019re going to discuss how to become fluent in Chinese listening, speaking, reading and writing, where \u201cfluent\u201d simply means being able to use Chinese smoothly and effectively to achieve communicative goals, regardless if it\u2019s expressing yourself or understanding others.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In this context, \u201cfluent\u201d is not used as a synonym for \u201cadvanced\u201d, but rather as a way to distinguish mastery from merely knowing about something. This means that today\u2019s article is relevant for learners on all levels, including beginners, who can certainly be fluent in Chinese, albeit in a limited area.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tune in to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/podcast\/\">the Hacking Chinese Podcast<\/a> to listen to the related episode:<\/em><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/anchor.fm\/hackingchinese\/embed\/episodes\/99---How-to-become-fluent-in-Chinese-e1kigag\" width=\"400px\" height=\"102px\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<em>Available on <a href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/hacking-chinese-podcast\/id1536284827\">Apple Podcasts<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy8zODhlYjllOC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw==\">Google Podcasts<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/overcast.fm\/itunes1536284827\/hacking-chinese-podcast\">Overcast<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/show\/5iCRv1jg3j3yJZGJlYVYaO\">Spotify<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/HackingChinese\">YouTube<\/a> and many other platforms!<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>To be fluent is to be very good at applying what you know<\/h3>\n<p>Being able to express yourself smoothly and effectively is more about being good at applying what you know, rather than knowing everything. Quantity plays a role, but quality is more important. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/which-words-you-should-learn-in-and-where-to-find-them\/\">As I have demonstrated in an earlier article, it\u2019s possible to express oneself fluently in speaking or writing using only a thousand words or so, even about topics such as second language acquisition.<\/a> This, however, requires you to be very good at using the words you know. This is what this article is about.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to understanding what other people say, it\u2019s not enough to just know a word, you need to know it so well that you can recall its meaning instantly, and be able to recognise it in different contexts. When reading, fluency demands a high level of automated processing of characters, since stopping every five words or so to try to remember what something means doesn\u2019t meet anybody\u2019s definition of \u201cfluent\u201d. This is also what this article is about.<\/p>\n<h3>Fluency development &#8211; one of four strands<\/h3>\n<p>Fluency development is one of Paul Nation\u2019s four strands, a framework I refer to occasionally here on Hacking Chinese, and introduced properly in a recent article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/analyse-and-balance-your-chinese-learning-with-paul-nations-four-strands\/\">Analyse and balance your Chinese learning with Paul Nation\u2019s four strands.<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"gjj58XRN26\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/analyse-and-balance-your-chinese-learning-with-paul-nations-four-strands\/\">Analyse and balance your Chinese learning with Paul Nation&#8217;s four strands<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Analyse and balance your Chinese learning with Paul Nation&#8217;s four strands&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/analyse-and-balance-your-chinese-learning-with-paul-nations-four-strands\/embed\/#?secret=2P470yDR0E#?secret=gjj58XRN26\" data-secret=\"gjj58XRN26\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In his 2007 article, Nation defines fluency development as activities where (p. 7):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>All of what the learners are listening to, reading, speaking or writing is largely familiar to them. That is, there are no unfamiliar language, or largely unfamiliar content or discourse features.<\/li>\n<li>The learners\u2019 focus is on receiving or conveying meaning.<\/li>\n<li>There is some pressure or encouragement to perform at a faster than usual speed.<\/li>\n<li>There is a large amount of input or output.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Number one<\/strong> is not hard to understand, because if we want to get better at using what we already know, we need to focus on familiar language and content. If there are too many unknown words, for example, focus will automatically shift to dealing with the unfamiliar language, which is exactly what we don\u2019t want.<\/p>\n<p>I will probably write a separate article discussing <strong>number two<\/strong> and why you want more meaning-focused practice, but for now, it\u2019s enough to say that the main focus should be on using Chinese to actually communicate with another person, or trying to understand what they are saying or writing. If you\u2019re not receiving or conveying meaning, the activity isn\u2019t meaning-focused, which disqualifies maybe 90% of all textbook exercises I\u2019ve seen and a good chunk of activities that take place in language classrooms too, especially at university.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Number three<\/strong> is unique for fluency development, because like I said above, fluency is to a large extent about not just knowing something, but knowing it <i>fast.<\/i> This is crucial for all four skills, although it\u2019s less pressing when reading or writing, because we often have more control over how much time we spend and where we spend it. When listening or speaking, however, taking too long to recall something can be as bad as not knowing it at all. I discussed this in more depth when it comes to listening and reading in these two articles:<\/p>\n<p>1. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/listening-strategies-improving-listening-speed\/\">Chinese listening strategies: Improving listening speed<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"P7Zs5M8QKk\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/listening-strategies-improving-listening-speed\/\">Chinese listening strategies: Improving listening speed<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Chinese listening strategies: Improving listening speed&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/listening-strategies-improving-listening-speed\/embed\/#?secret=VMlK9uA9pu#?secret=P7Zs5M8QKk\" data-secret=\"P7Zs5M8QKk\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/how-important-is-reading-speed-on-tests-like-hsk-and-tocfl\/\">How important is reading speed on tests like HSK and TOCFL?<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"WRyCINkvSH\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/how-important-is-reading-speed-on-tests-like-hsk-and-tocfl\/\">How important is reading speed on tests like HSK and TOCFL?<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;How important is reading speed on tests like HSK and TOCFL?&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/how-important-is-reading-speed-on-tests-like-hsk-and-tocfl\/embed\/#?secret=EL7EzQwwaj#?secret=WRyCINkvSH\" data-secret=\"WRyCINkvSH\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Speed is central to fluency development, but it can manifest itself somewhat differently. First, we can try to do something faster. Second, we can choose content where speed follows naturally, such as revisiting familiar content or focusing on language well within our comfort zone.<\/p>\n<p>Nation has researched the role of timed exercises and focus on speed, and concluded that they not only increase fluency, but also have positive effects on accuracy (see the reference list at the bottom of this article for specific references).<\/p>\n<h3>Fluency development as part of your personal curriculum<\/h3>\n<p>In Nation\u2019s framework, each strand is supposed to take up one fourth of the study time, but in reality fluency development usually takes up much less than that. Exactly how much depends on where you\u2019re learning Chinese, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/should-you-enrol-in-a-chinese-course-or-are-you-better-off-learning-on-your-own\/\">including if you\u2019re learning on your own or are enrolled in a course.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>If you&#8217;re enrolled in a course or studying independently, my goal is to persuade you to invest more time in fluency development and show you how you can do that.<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re a teacher, I want to convince you that you should make fluency development a part of your course, although not necessarily fully\u00a0 in class, especially not if you teach adults who can be relied on to spend time on learning outside your lessons.<\/p>\n<h3>Which textbook or HSK level you\u2019re in is a very poor measure of fluency<\/h3>\n<p>Fluency development is one of the most neglected areas of institutional language learning, especially in formal situations that value quantitative goals. I\u2019ve studied Chinese at many different language schools and several universities, and most of them have strict rules about how quickly students should progress in textbooks.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s as if the curriculum designers think that having gone through a chapter guarantees that students have mastered the content, so the class that finishes the most chapters by the end of the semester has the best teacher and the best students.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes it feels like educators don\u2019t think that one is studying seriously unless the students learn a ton of new words and grammar patterns. This is painfully clear when engaging with some private tutors, who seem to think that their quality is best judged by how much new vocabulary they can cram into a lesson.<\/p>\n<h3>Fluency development is not limited to the classroom<\/h3>\n<p>Naturally, students who learn Chinese full time in an immersion environment will get plenty of practice outside the classroom, and Nation\u2019s four strands are meant to cover all learning, not just what goes on in class.<\/p>\n<p>Still, I think it\u2019s safe to say that most students vastly overestimate the importance of superficial, easily quantifiable signs of progress, such as finishing a textbook, learning a thousand characters, passing a certain HSK level, and therefore underestimate the importance of consolidating what they already know. They neglect fluency development, in other words. This is even more true if you\u2019re learning Chinese in your home country, in which case fluency development might be lacking entirely, since most students will never do it spontaneously outside class. I wrote more about this problem here: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/language-is-communication-not-an-abstract-subject-to-study\/\">Language is communication, not only an abstract subject to study<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Wv5JFESuVG\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/language-is-communication-not-an-abstract-subject-to-study\/\">Language is communication, not only an abstract subject to study<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Language is communication, not only an abstract subject to study&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/language-is-communication-not-an-abstract-subject-to-study\/embed\/#?secret=3uiLXORIlH#?secret=Wv5JFESuVG\" data-secret=\"Wv5JFESuVG\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>How to become fluent in Chinese listening, reading, speaking and writing<\/h3>\n<p>Now that we know what fluency development is and why it\u2019s important, let\u2019s look at activities and exercises you can use. You can of course come up with your own using the criteria I listed above, but I think some inspiration to get started is in place. These are not the only options and probably aren\u2019t the best either; they are just ones I use when learning and teaching Chinese. If you have your own to contribute, please leave a comment below and I will consider adding it to the article!<\/p>\n<h3>Developing fluency in Chinese listening<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-7905\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/listenlisten-1-300x237.png\" alt=\"Listen o thelistener\" width=\"300\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/listenlisten-1-300x237.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/listenlisten-1.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>As discussed in the article about listening speed linked to above, fluency is absolutely crucial for listening. Unless you\u2019re listening to a recording you can easily stop, rewind or slow down, you usually don\u2019t have time to search for the meaning of a word; it has to just pop up when needed, preferably without you having to pay attention to it at all.<\/p>\n<p>Here are a few activities to develop fluency in Chinese listening:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Listen to spoken Chinese below your current level.<\/b> Remember, for something to count as fluency development, it needs to contain almost no new words or grammar. By encountering language you know over and over in different contexts, the time you need to make sense of it will decrease. Because the level is relatively easy, you can listen a lot.<\/li>\n<li><b>Listen to the same recording again or re-listen to old audio.<\/b> Unless you\u2019re listening to something really easy, you won\u2019t understand everything the first time. Every additional time you listen will bring further understanding, and at some point, this starts counting as fluency development. The exception is if the recording contains too much Chinese you simply don\u2019t know, in which case you\u2019re learning new things, not getting better at what you already know.<\/li>\n<li><b>Adjust the speed of the Chinese you listen to.<\/b> This is a complex topic I plan to revisit in a separate article, but there are at least three different ways in which the speed of the Chinese you listen to can vary. First, the speaker can talk slower, which usually also means that pronunciation changes, because people who speak slowly tend to enunciate and pronunciation is altered by rate of speech in general. For example, a higher rate of speech results in more tone changes, more assimilation, more reduction in unstressed syllables, and so on. Second, pauses can be strategically inserted between sentences, giving you as a listener time to process what was said without altering the rate of speech. Third, you can use computer software to slow down audio, which retains all the characteristics of fast speech while allowing you more time to process it. For fluency development, you want to move away from slowly enunciated Chinese, the hallmark of textbook audio and Chinese learning materials in general.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you want suggestions for what to listen to, check: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/the-10-best-free-listening-resource-collections-for-learning-chinese\/\">The 10 best free listening resource collections for learning Chinese<\/a><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/the-10-best-free-listening-resource-collections-for-learning-chinese\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/chinese-listening-challenge\/\">You can also check my posts about the listening challenges<\/a> I run over at <a href=\"https:\/\/challenges.hackingchinese.com\/\">Hacking Chinese Challenges<\/a>, which always contains an updated list of things to listen to:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"dtoYnDxdlc\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/chinese-listening-challenge\/\">Chinese listening challenge, January 2024<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Chinese listening challenge, January 2024&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/chinese-listening-challenge\/embed\/#?secret=Yu0MsoHKuX#?secret=dtoYnDxdlc\" data-secret=\"dtoYnDxdlc\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Developing fluency in Chinese reading<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-7962\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/books1-1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Chinese reading ability\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/books1-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/books1-1.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>While you can often take your time when reading, fluency development is about covering more text in less time. For this to work, it has to be easy. Here are some suggestions for improving fluency in Chinese reading:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Read Chinese below your current level.<\/b> I already talked about this for listening, and the logic is the same, so I\u2019ll keep this brief. Graded readers, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/review-mandarin-companion-easy-to-read-novels-in-chinese\/\">such as Mandarin Companion<\/a>, are the best, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/why-you-should-use-more-than-one-chinese-textbook\/\">you can also rely on several different textbooks for a similar effect<\/a>, especially on lower levels.<\/li>\n<li><b>Rereading, especially with a specific purpose in mind, can also be an option<\/b>. Skimming or scanning a text for specific things works well. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/five-text-games-for-chinese-learners\/\">Playing text adventure games on WordSwing is great<\/a>, because you\u2019ll revisit the same scenes many times and read the same options over and over, but since you need to be on the alert for new options or a change in the scene, you still need to pay attention. We deliberately scramble the order of the choices to encourage readers to do this!<\/li>\n<li><b>Simply try to read faster.<\/b> While speed reading sounds very ambitious for second language learners who struggle with basic literacy, it can still be a worthwhile effort to challenge yourself to read easy passages quickly. You can always reread them for further practice and full understanding. For speed reading in particular, check this article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/chinese-reading-speed-revisited\/\">Chinese reading speed revisited<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Read many texts about the same topic. <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/narrow-listening-reading-can-help-learn-chinese\/\">This is called \u201cnarrow reading\u201d, and the idea is to extend your comfort zone by reading many texts about one topic, instead of having a completely new topic for each text.<\/a> For example, you might read ten different accounts of a news event or five different plot summaries of the same book. The first few times probably won\u2019t count as fluency development, but the more you keep reading about the same topic, the closer to fluency development you get.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For reading resource recommendations, check:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/10-best-free-chinese-reading-resources-beginner-intermediate-advanced\/\">The 10 best free Chinese reading resources for beginner, intermediate and advanced learners<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Rogw0S8Orf\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/10-best-free-chinese-reading-resources-beginner-intermediate-advanced\/\">The 10 best free Chinese reading resources for beginner, intermediate and advanced learners<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;The 10 best free Chinese reading resources for beginner, intermediate and advanced learners&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/10-best-free-chinese-reading-resources-beginner-intermediate-advanced\/embed\/#?secret=heMTVK0VjO#?secret=Rogw0S8Orf\" data-secret=\"Rogw0S8Orf\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/beginner-chinese-reading\/\">The 7 best Chinese reading resources for beginners<\/a><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/beginner-chinese-reading\/<\/p>\n<h3>Developing fluency in Chinese speaking<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-7960\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/talk-300x200-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Chinese speaking ability\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/>Speaking is what most people associate with fluency, so let\u2019s see what you can do to achieve that.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Talk about the same topic more than once.<\/b> People who live in a Chinese-speaking environment sound significantly more fluent when talking about why they\u2019re learning Chinese than almost any other topic, for the simple reason that they do this over and over. By talking about the same thing with several different people, you gradually become more fluent. You can do this systematically, too, such as in a classroom, by mixing up who talks with whom, but keeping the topic the same<\/li>\n<li><strong>Talk about the same topic with less and less time available.\u00a0 <\/strong>An example of this is \u201c4\/3\/2\u201d exercises, referring to the idea of having to talk about something, first in four minutes, then three, then two. This type of activity works well, both with conversations (ask each other and answer these questions within the given time limit) or presentations (introduce yourself, your country or your research project in gradually shorter periods of time). The numbers 4\/3\/2 are of course arbitrary.<\/li>\n<li><b>Play word games where you describe words without being able to say them. <\/b>This strengthens your ability to use the Chinese you know, and if you think about it, not being allowed to say a word is similar to not knowing the word, so playing this kind of game is great for navigating your way around holes in your vocabulary. In my opinion, this is both the most fun and one of the best ways of practising fluency! I\u2019ve written an entire article about this here: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/playing-word-games-to-practise-fluency\/\">How to improve fluency in Chinese by playing word games<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"AIYOGjjtXz\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/playing-word-games-to-practise-fluency\/\">How to improve fluency in Chinese by playing word games<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;How to improve fluency in Chinese by playing word games&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/playing-word-games-to-practise-fluency\/embed\/#?secret=3qaG7H5gH3#?secret=AIYOGjjtXz\" data-secret=\"AIYOGjjtXz\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Developing fluency in Chinese writing<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-8184\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/handwritetyping-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/handwritetyping-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/handwritetyping-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/handwritetyping-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/handwritetyping-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/handwritetyping.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>As we saw with reading vs. listening, writing is normally not as time-dependent as speaking is. Being able to write Chinese fluently is useful, but for most people, not nearly as useful as being fluent in speaking and listening. Outside proficiency tests, it\u2019s rarely a requirement to have to write quickly. This, however, doesn\u2019t mean that fluency development is not interesting, it just means that the need is less pressing. For some students, writing might actually be very important too!<\/p>\n<p>On the whole, fluency development for writing works much the same way as for speaking, meaning that writing about the same topic while varying the time frame, audience and purpose works well.<\/p>\n<p>This is especially true if you suffer any kind of writer\u2019s block and find it incredibly hard to write anything at all. Choose a topic you know reasonably well, set a timer for 10 minutes and focus only on conveying meaning about that topic until the alarm goes off. You don\u2019t need to show this to anyone, so don\u2019t worry about accuracy. You can then repeat this or revisit the topic again later. You can also use this as the first step in a more serious writing project, which is one of the things I suggest in my article about writing: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/20-tips-and-tricks-to-improve-your-chinese-writing-ability\/\">20 tips and tricks to improve your Chinese writing ability<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"zQtugqo1VG\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/20-tips-and-tricks-to-improve-your-chinese-writing-ability\/\">20 tips and tricks to improve your Chinese writing ability<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;20 tips and tricks to improve your Chinese writing ability&#8221; &#8212; Hacking Chinese\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hackingchinese.com\/20-tips-and-tricks-to-improve-your-chinese-writing-ability\/embed\/#?secret=3nnei1biVV#?secret=zQtugqo1VG\" data-secret=\"zQtugqo1VG\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Practise fluency and reap the benefits<\/h3>\n<p>The list above is not exhaustive, but I hope that I have shown enough examples and explained the principles behind them so that you can make smart decisions about your own fluency development.<\/p>\n<p>Remember, fluency is mostly about being really good at what you already know, and this typically doesn\u2019t come automatically if you\u2019re always focusing on learning new things. Make sure that you don\u2019t always feel like you\u2019re drowning in new words!<\/p>\n<h3>References<\/h3>\n<p>Arevart, S., &amp; Nation, P. (1991). Fluency improvement in a second language. RELC journal, 22(1), 84-94.<\/p>\n<p>Chung, M., &amp; Nation, P. (2006). The effect of a speed reading course. English Teaching (\uc601\uc5b4\uad50\uc721), 61(4), 181-204.<\/p>\n<p>Nation, P. (2007). The four strands. International Journal of Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1(1), 2-13.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Being fluent in Chinese is more about being good at applying what you know, rather than knowing everything. 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